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	<title>Comments on: Religious Disagreement and Equal Weight</title>
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		<title>By: mhampton</title>
		<link>http://tar.weatherson.org/2008/05/22/religious-disagreement-and-equal-weight/comment-page-1/#comment-5359</link>
		<dc:creator>mhampton</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Jul 2008 07:24:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://tar.weatherson.org/2008/05/22/religious-disagreement-and-equal-weight/#comment-5359</guid>
		<description>When anyone want to regard or appraise a religion one must throughly examine its claims about how the universe or wrold is, how humans &quot;tick&quot; and their theory of the good, that is, what humans ought to do. And their theory, if any, of what is possible and desirable for the future of human life. When one does the preceding it becomes clear that many religious claims are incompatible, some religions make claims that are truer than others, and some make wildly improbable claims for human possibility; and still others make decent even banal claims for proper conduct. Looked at in this way, it would be impossible for religions to be accorded equal weight. The glory of Buddhist reflection on our mental habits towers above the science fiction inanities of Christian science, for example. Not all is equal.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>When anyone want to regard or appraise a religion one must throughly examine its claims about how the universe or wrold is, how humans &#8220;tick&#8221; and their theory of the good, that is, what humans ought to do. And their theory, if any, of what is possible and desirable for the future of human life. When one does the preceding it becomes clear that many religious claims are incompatible, some religions make claims that are truer than others, and some make wildly improbable claims for human possibility; and still others make decent even banal claims for proper conduct. Looked at in this way, it would be impossible for religions to be accorded equal weight. The glory of Buddhist reflection on our mental habits towers above the science fiction inanities of Christian science, for example. Not all is equal.</p>
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		<title>By: Richard Baron</title>
		<link>http://tar.weatherson.org/2008/05/22/religious-disagreement-and-equal-weight/comment-page-1/#comment-5351</link>
		<dc:creator>Richard Baron</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 26 May 2008 12:22:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://tar.weatherson.org/2008/05/22/religious-disagreement-and-equal-weight/#comment-5351</guid>
		<description>Would something analogous to type theory help? The idea would be that there is no single principle EW, which is either true or false. Rather, there is EW1 which, if correct, should be applied when faced with first-order beliefs about baseball games, particle physics or whether Bacon wrote Shakespeare. Then there is EW2, which if correct, should be applied to epistemological principles which apply to first-order beliefs, including the principle E1. And so on.

Even if this is a runner logically, we are still faced with two challenges, to motivate it and to identify the levels of different beliefs.

Motivation might come from the fact that we are talking about belief. Beliefs are different from physical things, including the states of brain cells which correspond (on a token-token basis) to beliefs. Specifically, we have intentionality, which opens the door to self-reference, the problem which in a different guise created the need for the original type theory. This is only a sketchy motivation, but it might do for starters.

Assigning levels to beliefs would be easy a lot of the time, but there would also be hard cases.

Many beliefs, certainly the vast majority of beliefs held by non-philosophers, are clearly first-order. A belief that epistemologists discuss and disagree over principles of equal weight is also first-order. But the definition of the class of first-order beliefs would not be easy.

EW1, EW2, and so on are clearly second, third and so on order. But what about other epistemological principles, for example that you should believe the logical consequences of your beliefs, or Bayes’ theorem? Their order might depend on the order of that to which they were applied, so they would need to be split into principles of different types too.

If we got all this to work, where would it leave EW? I could accept (or reject) EW1 without further reflection, but that would be reprehensible. I should think about whether to accept EW1. Knowing that there was disagreement about EW1, I would need to decide whether I accepted EW2 in order to reach a verdict on EW1, and so on up the chain. We might eventually reach an EWn on which there was universal agreement, but I would be surprised if we did. It is more likely that we would give up the pursuit and join Mr Hume for dinner and a game of backgammon (Treatise 1.4.7, para 9).

Finally, Russell perhaps wisely went no further than this down the road to EW:

The skepticism that I advocate amounts only to this: 1) that when experts are agreed, the opposite opinion cannot be held to be certain; 2) that when they are not agreed, no opinion can be regarded as certain by a non-expert; 3) that when they all hold that no sufficient grounds for a positive opinion exists, the ordinary man would do well to suspend his judgments. These propositions seem mild, yet, if accepted they would revolutionize human life.

(Skeptical Essays. I found this on a website which did not give a precise reference, and I have no copy to hand so I have not checked the text.)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Would something analogous to type theory help? The idea would be that there is no single principle EW, which is either true or false. Rather, there is EW1 which, if correct, should be applied when faced with first-order beliefs about baseball games, particle physics or whether Bacon wrote Shakespeare. Then there is EW2, which if correct, should be applied to epistemological principles which apply to first-order beliefs, including the principle E1. And so on.</p>
<p>Even if this is a runner logically, we are still faced with two challenges, to motivate it and to identify the levels of different beliefs.</p>
<p>Motivation might come from the fact that we are talking about belief. Beliefs are different from physical things, including the states of brain cells which correspond (on a token-token basis) to beliefs. Specifically, we have intentionality, which opens the door to self-reference, the problem which in a different guise created the need for the original type theory. This is only a sketchy motivation, but it might do for starters.</p>
<p>Assigning levels to beliefs would be easy a lot of the time, but there would also be hard cases.</p>
<p>Many beliefs, certainly the vast majority of beliefs held by non-philosophers, are clearly first-order. A belief that epistemologists discuss and disagree over principles of equal weight is also first-order. But the definition of the class of first-order beliefs would not be easy.</p>
<p>EW1, EW2, and so on are clearly second, third and so on order. But what about other epistemological principles, for example that you should believe the logical consequences of your beliefs, or Bayes’ theorem? Their order might depend on the order of that to which they were applied, so they would need to be split into principles of different types too.</p>
<p>If we got all this to work, where would it leave EW? I could accept (or reject) EW1 without further reflection, but that would be reprehensible. I should think about whether to accept EW1. Knowing that there was disagreement about EW1, I would need to decide whether I accepted EW2 in order to reach a verdict on EW1, and so on up the chain. We might eventually reach an EWn on which there was universal agreement, but I would be surprised if we did. It is more likely that we would give up the pursuit and join Mr Hume for dinner and a game of backgammon (Treatise 1.4.7, para 9).</p>
<p>Finally, Russell perhaps wisely went no further than this down the road to EW:</p>
<p>The skepticism that I advocate amounts only to this: 1) that when experts are agreed, the opposite opinion cannot be held to be certain; 2) that when they are not agreed, no opinion can be regarded as certain by a non-expert; 3) that when they all hold that no sufficient grounds for a positive opinion exists, the ordinary man would do well to suspend his judgments. These propositions seem mild, yet, if accepted they would revolutionize human life.</p>
<p>(Skeptical Essays. I found this on a website which did not give a precise reference, and I have no copy to hand so I have not checked the text.)</p>
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		<title>By: fitelson</title>
		<link>http://tar.weatherson.org/2008/05/22/religious-disagreement-and-equal-weight/comment-page-1/#comment-5350</link>
		<dc:creator>fitelson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 25 May 2008 00:25:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://tar.weatherson.org/2008/05/22/religious-disagreement-and-equal-weight/#comment-5350</guid>
		<description>For a nice overview of Plantinga&#039;s position here (which is a special case of the &quot;right reasons&quot; view, in this context) and his motivations for it (which include something like Brian&#039;s reasons, but not exactly a &quot;gazump&quot; as I see it), see the following section of his book &quot;Warranted Christian Belief&quot; (subscription required):

http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/philosophy/9780195131932/p108.html

For those of you who don&#039;t have a subscription, the salient section is called &quot;pluralism&quot;, and it starts on page 437.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>For a nice overview of Plantinga&#8217;s position here (which is a special case of the &#8220;right reasons&#8221; view, in this context) and his motivations for it (which include something like Brian&#8217;s reasons, but not exactly a &#8220;gazump&#8221; as I see it), see the following section of his book &#8220;Warranted Christian Belief&#8221; (subscription required):</p>
<p><a href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/philosophy/9780195131932/p108.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/philosophy/9780195131932/p108.html</a></p>
<p>For those of you who don&#8217;t have a subscription, the salient section is called &#8220;pluralism&#8221;, and it starts on page 437.</p>
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		<title>By: anon333</title>
		<link>http://tar.weatherson.org/2008/05/22/religious-disagreement-and-equal-weight/comment-page-1/#comment-5349</link>
		<dc:creator>anon333</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 May 2008 21:21:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://tar.weatherson.org/2008/05/22/religious-disagreement-and-equal-weight/#comment-5349</guid>
		<description>Oh, and you can also find audio from 1996 of Plantinga talking about his response to Hick here:

http://www.veritas.org/media/presenters/201

The talk is called &quot;Pluralism: A Defense of Religious Exclusivism&quot;.

There (back in 1996) he charges that Hick&#039;s position is self-referentially inconsistent.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Oh, and you can also find audio from 1996 of Plantinga talking about his response to Hick here:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.veritas.org/media/presenters/201" rel="nofollow">http://www.veritas.org/media/presenters/201</a></p>
<p>The talk is called &#8220;Pluralism: A Defense of Religious Exclusivism&#8221;.</p>
<p>There (back in 1996) he charges that Hick&#8217;s position is self-referentially inconsistent.</p>
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		<title>By: anon333</title>
		<link>http://tar.weatherson.org/2008/05/22/religious-disagreement-and-equal-weight/comment-page-1/#comment-5348</link>
		<dc:creator>anon333</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 May 2008 21:17:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://tar.weatherson.org/2008/05/22/religious-disagreement-and-equal-weight/#comment-5348</guid>
		<description>Keller was just repeating what Plantinga and Van Inwagen said in reply to Hick.

The exchange between Hick, Plantinga, and Van Inwagen is a foundation of the current discussion of peer disagreement. (I think that Plantinga and Van Inwagen did &quot;gazump&quot; you in print.)

Here&#039;s the reference for Hick&#039;s article:
John Hick, “The Epistemological Challenge of Religious Pluralism,” Faith and Philosophy (1997: 14:3), 277-285

Plantinga&#039;s article immediately follows, and Van Inwagen&#039;s follows Plantinga&#039;s.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Keller was just repeating what Plantinga and Van Inwagen said in reply to Hick.</p>
<p>The exchange between Hick, Plantinga, and Van Inwagen is a foundation of the current discussion of peer disagreement. (I think that Plantinga and Van Inwagen did &#8220;gazump&#8221; you in print.)</p>
<p>Here&#8217;s the reference for Hick&#8217;s article:<br />
John Hick, “The Epistemological Challenge of Religious Pluralism,” Faith and Philosophy (1997: 14:3), 277-285</p>
<p>Plantinga&#8217;s article immediately follows, and Van Inwagen&#8217;s follows Plantinga&#8217;s.</p>
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